Carbon Cycle

The carbon cycle is a complex Earth system whereby carbon dioxide (CO2) is exchanged among four main regions of the planet. In the carbon cycle, CO2 is recycled through the atmosphere, biosphere, geosphere and oceans and other waterways in what are called "sinks" or reservoirs.

The carbon cycle is pictured.

In the carbon cycle, land plants and animals are the most widely known respirators of the biosphere. Plants take in CO2 and give off oxygen, while humans and animals do the opposite.
Issues such as deforestation, reforestation, increasing or decreasing human or animal populations affect the carbon cycle that happens upon land.
But, in the carbon cycle, the greatest exchange of CO2 appears between the atmosphere and the oceans and other waterways. Plant life in the oceans, lakes and other waterways use photosynthesis to turn dissolved CO2 into oxygen.
In the carbon cycle, carbon dioxide is taken from the atmosphere in several various methods besides the plant life already mentioned. At the Earth's north and south poles, cold seawater is especially accepting of CO2 making, the substance soluble.
In addition, the thermohaline circulation of the ocean and surface wind currents from the Gulf Stream drive surface water to great depths and distances, circulating soluble CO2 throughout the oceans.
In another part of the cycle, oceanic plant and animal life absorb carbon in hard and soft tissue of the organisms. The weathering of carbon-containing rocks on land that runoff into the streams and oceans also add to the carbon cycle.
But, the most threatening part of the natural carbon cycle are the parts that are not natural at all. The burning of fossil fuels in the transportation industry and electrical generation in coal fired and natural gas fired power plants create an imbalance in the carbon cycle.
Manmade activities such as the burning of fossil fuels over the past 100 or so years have led to increased greenhouse gases that in turned have led to global warming. At least 999 out of 1,000 scientists agree on this fact.
Since it has taken decades for the carbon cycle to become out of balance, because of the release of greenhouse gases, it will also take decades for man to reverse the effects of global warming. This is assuming an earnest effort is made to reverse the effects, which is not a sure thing at this stage.
Using alternative fuels and particularly those created with renewable energy such as solar, wind and water sources will help the carbon cycle to get back in sync. Without these efforts, however, the natural carbon cycle will continue to erode causing serious climate change and geographical disruption.

Estimate of record emissions is stark warning to governments

Latest estimates from the International Energy Agency (IEA) showing that greenhouse gas emissions from world energy generation reached record levels in 2010 are a stark warning to governments to provide strong new progress this year towards global solutions to climate change, UN Climate Chief Christiana Figueres said on Monday. 
"This is the inconvenient truth of where human generated greenhouse gas emissions are projected to go without much stronger international action now - and into the future," said the Executive Secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). 
"Governments are meeting next week in Bonn to prepare for the next major international climate conference to be held in Durban at the end of the year. It is clear that they need to push the world further down the right track to avoid dangerous climate change," the UN's top climate change official said. "I won't hear that this is impossible. Governments must make it possible for society, business and science to get this job done," she added. 
The latest IEA estimates published today show that energy-related CO2 emissions in 2010 were at their highest level in history, following a brief dip in 2009 due to the economic impacts of the global financial crisis. 
The Paris-based organization also estimated that 80% of all projected 2020 greenhouse gas emissions from the power sector are already locked into the global system of power generation by plants that already exist or are under construction. 
Dr. Fatih Birol, Chief Economist at the IEA who oversees the annual World Energy Outlook, today called the latest estimates a "wake-up call" for the international community. 
"The world has edged incredibly close to the level of emissions that should not be reached until 2020 if the 2ºC target is to be attained," he said. 
"Given the shrinking room for manoeuvre in 2020, unless bold and decisive decisions are made very soon, it will be extremely challenging to succeed in achieving this global goal agreed [at the UN climate change conference] in Cancun," he added. 
Alluding to the upcoming round of UN climate change negotiations in Bonn, Germany (6 - 17 June), UNFCCC Executive Secretary Ms. Figueres said: 
"No nation will solve climate change alone. And no nation is alone in feeling its impacts. We're only a few days away now from the mid-year climate negotiations and governments need to pick up speed." 
In Cancun, governments launched the most comprehensive package ever agreed to help developing nations deal with climate change, including a set of new international institutions to deliver that support. 
They also agreed a major effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but left open the question of how to raise their collective level of ambition to keep the global temperature rise at least below two degrees. 
Ms Figueres said that, in Durban, governments will have two main challenges that they have agreed to resolve: 
First, to strengthen the international conditions that will allow nations to work together to make deeper global emission cuts. This includes the question of deciding the future of the Kyoto Protocol. 
Second, to agree on the effective designs of the new climate institutions that will provide adequate and efficient climate support to developing countries. This includes the Green Climate Fund, Technology Mechanism and establishing the Adaptation Committee. 
"In the wider world, I see two very encouraging trends," said Ms Figueres. "Countries, including the biggest economies, are moving forward with new 
policies that promote low-carbon prosperous growth, even if they don't always attach climate labels to these policies. And the private sector continues to increase its investment in low-carbon business and renewable energy and wants to do more." 
"In Durban at the end of the year, governments need to take the new steps that will drive both these trends forward and much faster," she said. 
"The meeting in Bonn is a major opportunity to prepare these essential steps," she added.
ENDS